Taste receptors and testes. What is the relation?

We generally have an opinian that testes is the organ in the body dealing with reproduction and related function. Testes is known to have cells and receptors which involve in various functions. But we are not aware of a astonishing fact. Have anyone ever wondered that some irrelated receptors like taste receptors are presnt in the testes and play a prime role in reproduction and fertility? Yes it does

TAS1R taste receptors are the receptors responsible and involved in sugar sensing. According to the previous studies their function was unknown though they were found in testes and sperm. But in a study by Bedrch Mosinger et al., this function was confirmed. Sperm formation in animals without functional TAS1R3 and GNAT3 is compromised, with malformed and immotile sperm. The hypothesis in this study revealed that even low levels of these compounds can lower sperm count and negatively affect human male fertility, which common mouse toxicology assays would not reveal. The study also speculated that TAS1R3 and GNAT3 activators may help infertile men, particularly those that are affected by some of the mentioned inhibitors and/or are diagnosed with idiopathic infertility involving signaling pathway of these receptors.

We need more confirmations and proofs to support this research as this may lead us to many different ways and pave path towards 100% fertility in males.

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instructions for mouse hepatocyte isolation (perfusion with collagenase) 1

Innovation at fingertips ! (Astonishing ability of mammals to regenerate by stemcells)

Mammals acquire remarkable ability to regenerate a lost fingertip, including the nail, nerves and even bone. In humans, an amputated fingertip can sprout aback in as little as two months, a abnormality that has remained ailing accepted until now. Researchers afford ablaze on this attenuate adorning ability in mammals, application genetically engineered mice to certificate for the aboriginal time the biochemical alternation of contest that unfolds in the deathwatch of a fingertip amputation. The allegation authority affiance for amputees who may one day be able to account from therapies that advice the physique change absent limbs.

Now, Dr. Ito and team have discovered an important clue in this process: a population of self-renewing stem cells in the nail matrix, a part of the nail bed rich in nerve endings and blood vessels that stimulate nail growth. Moreover, the scientists have found that these stem cells depend upon a family of proteins known as the “Wnt signaling network”—the same proteins that play a crucial role in hair and tissue regeneration—to regenerate bone in the fingertip.

Researchers have found an astonishing fact i.e.. they concluded that they could manipulate the Wnt pathway to stimulate the bone and tissue. These findings suggest that Wnt signaling is essential for fingertip regeneration, and point the way to therapies that could help people regenerate lost limbs. The teams’ next footfall is to zoom in on the atomic mechanisms that ascendancy how the Wnt signaling alleyway interacts with the attach axis beef to access cartilage and attach growth.

 

Pharma Innovation ! Inculcating the Implant (A novel Bioengineered Vein)

Till date, bio engineering achieved many novel aspects. But now, it is the height of innovation. University Researchers have come to such a state of innovation that, they have discovered a new equipment or implant which is rejection free as it is non biological in nature which is supposed to be the biggest advantage.

A Duke University spinoff has reached a milestone in tissue engineering as it transplanted the first bioengineered blood vessel into the arm of a patient with end-stage kidney disease.

In its first U.S. clinical trial, Humacyte is testing the safety and effectiveness of the blood vessel, which is intended to be an off-the-shelf product that’s derived from human cells but doesn’t have any of the biological properties that cause organ rejection.

People with kidney disease undergo dialysis, which often requires use of a graft to connect an artery to a vein. Current options carry risks of complications, according to Duke, like clotting and infection.

Humacyte creates its vessels by cultivating donated human cells on a tubular scaffold. The resulting vessel is then cleansed of the qualities that might trigger an immune response, leaving a collagen structure that mechanically matches artery and vein it’s being sewn to.

Writing a research paper ! Abridged

Research paper is the most substantial part in a researchers life. It is the platform for publishing the efforts.

But many people are unaware of where and how to publish their works. Hope this article will be a helping hand for those. There are few aspects to be considered important which will be listed step wise:

• Scrutinizing the article and checking for gramatic mistakes, technical flaws and values: Before the article(maniscript) is ready to go ino the journal, it should be thoroughly checked with its technical aspects, tabular columns, figure and table legends etc.. A little mistake in the figures and tables will ruine the whole article. Article title is also an important part. The best title will add a lot of beauty to the article. Usage of fine vocabulary is necessary.
• Choosing the right journal: Choosing a journal is the prime thing. The journal very much related to the work has to be chosen.

          For example: Research work done on herbal drugs- Journal( Journal of Ethanopharmacology).

             Work done on harmones           - Journal(Journal of Endochrinology). 
              Work done in Pharmacology     - Journal of Pharmacology etc..

• Reputation of the journal: The journal thus chosen should be a well reputed journal. The reputaion or the standard of the journal can be assessed by the articles, issues, indexing,  volumes and date of initiation of the journal. The eminence of the journal can also be assessed by the "Impact Factor" of the journal. Elsevier, Willys Library, Asphet, Nature etc.. are regarded as the top notch publications.

 

• Journal Specifictaions: The manuscript must be prepared as per the specifications and guidelines of the journal which we have chosen. The font size, article guidelines such as the side headings, reference style etc..have to be designed as per the journal.
• Regular interaction with the editor: Generally delay in the consolidation process will lead to cancellation of the manuscript, so in order to prevent that regular reply to the comments of the editor is utmost necessary.
• Galiproof checking or Proof reading: The eventual part of the research paper is the proof reading or the final check of the gali proof before it gets published. Flaws, mistakes in the vocab etc.. can be lastly checked by this.

Decelarating the degeneration of cells

Delayed in senescence or delayed ageing is the word which will make any individual overwhelmed these days. People were always after the secret of the fairys'.

The term ageing is not a peripheral phenomenon. It is something related to the visceral cells of the body. Tissue regeneration is the best solution for this. Generally the cell wear and tear is the reason for ageing. The breakthroughs in tissue rejuvenation with stem cells, molecular repair, and organ replacement (such as with artificial organs or xenotransplantations) will eventually enable humans to have indefinite lifespans through complete rejuvenation to a healthy youthful condition.

Now the question for researchers is how to approach to this immortal pill? Researchers are thinking from every angle they can. They will soon come out with a promising drug.

The ideal anti-ageing pill should have the qualities such as:

·         Cell regeneration.

·         Tissue repair.

·         Delayed cell life.

·         Detoxification in the body etc..

There are few amino acids which did prove to be a superior promising immortality pills. L-Glutamine etc.. have proved their efficasy by various mechanism of actions such as Nitric oxide metabolism. Various such mechanisms should be unlocked there by unraveling the mysteries of human body and which can extent the life of the humans.

The drugs so devoloped will not only act for preserving the beauty of people but also endorse researchers for discovering medications for many age related diseases such as Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome , Werner Syndrome  etc..

I thus conclude that this discovery will really be a life saving phenomenon in all aspects.

The Downfall of India in Research and Devolopment !

I know that this post is no where related to this Blog or Research but just wanted to bring out the root cause of the major drawback or reason for the inhibited growth in Research and advancements in India. I hope that each and every Pharma Grads would realize this.

I have recently started my job trials after the completion of my Masters in Pharmacy. I was actually aiming to do my Doctorate but wanted to parellely get absorbed into any reputed organisation to gain some work experience. At a point, I realized that Indian job industry is no easy go for freshers. And when I was looking out for M.S admissions in countries like Germany, I was astonished. Education was free in Germany and there was lot of Endorsing in Research. I was puzzled, How could this be possible? Was there any kind of fishy reason behind this? Once I sat and just roughly calculated the approximate cost of Research and education in a year for 1000 students. It was nearly 50,00,000/- . I just laughed at myself. This is the amount earned by a single corrupted individual in our country.

Indian economy has been literally feasted upon by many corrupted individuals. All the corrupted demons are avoiding the taxes and accumilating their accounts with the money.

Research is the branch of science which is the most useful part to human kind. It is leading to many innovations in the novel drug devolopment. It needs some funding for its devolopment, but unfortunately it is getting endangered in our country. Today, if we walk in any Government research centers, most of them are locked up or closed due to lack of funds. 
India has got lots of brains, but why is it that all are flying to other countries for brainy expenditure? It is due to lack of recognition. No one would really appreciate the efforts here.

Countries like U.S.A , Germany etc.. are coming out with fantabulous research and innovations as they are spending the Countries economy wisely, but we are craving to be a part of their research.
In India, there is no indipendent research. There is only outsourcing of the research. It is only the tertiary process what we are exactly doing in India which will be of no use for the Graduates. In India, I guarentee, never a fresher will be hired into the R&D. The reason is that we are just being as a slaves assisting them in documenting their data of research rather than direcly participating. Soon or later, young aspirants will feel that it is a bane to work in country like India.

The approximate amount drawn from corruption anually would be in billions. With this money:

•  Nearly 20-30 drugs can pass through all the phases of clinical trials.
• Nearly 30-50 research Institutes can be conserved.
• All the Govt Hospitals can be equipped with all the facilities.
• There can be "no deaths due to lack of medication".

At this point, I want only one thing to be emphasized. We cant let the Country go down. It is to be noticed that corruption is having a direct effect on the devolopment.

Herbal Immune Boosters(Herbal Vaccines)

We do take medications in case of diseases and other illnesses. It is like destroying the enemy after he has attacked us, but it is always safe to prevent the enemy to attack us. In the same way, prevention is always better than cure. Boosting the immune system and prohibitting the entry of micro organisms is better than acting upon them later.
There are plenty of agents called as immuno modulators in the market which help in boosting the immune system.


But, synthetic and chemical agents may have adverse effects on the body. In this condition, herbal agents act fantabulously. Herbal agents are found to have zero side effects and show their action. Herbal immunity boosting agents are safe and effective. This phenomenon is present since ages. The concept of "chevanprash" devoloped from this. There are many natural immune boosters available in the nature. Herbs like "Ashwagandha, Ginseng, Liquorise, Goose berry, Fig etc.." act as excellent immune boosters.
Many people wonder whether they can prepare such combinations of herbal boosting preparation at their home? The answer is - "Yes". We can make a preparation at home with the following ingridients:

Ingredients

4 parts Echinacea root

2 parts Thyme

1 part Licorice

1 part Elderberries

Directions

You can make a cup of hot tea by adding 1 or 2 teaspoons of the premixed herbs to 1 cup of boiling water. Let it steep for 5 to 10 minutes, strain, and add honey (raw is best) to taste.

To make a pitcher of tea for storing in the refrigerator, use 10 teaspoons or so of the premixed herbs for 8 cups of boiling water. Let it cool for a while and strain. Discard the used herbs, and put the tea in the refrigerator to drink over ice or reheated.

M.Pharmacy Thesis

Masters' Thesis plays a very important role in the life. It plays a major role during interviews internships etc.. Thesis work is not just choosing a topic to work on, it shows your interest towards research in your respective specialization. It is always the students' right to elect his/her thesis topic and work on it.

After choosing the topic, the student has to do the literature survey and accumulate all the data regarding the thesis topic (which includes: the past research done on the particular topic, present parellel trends, other techniques, pros&cons etc..) .

Choosing a right platform is the most important part of the project work. Factors like feasibility, availability, cost are the few factors which are to be considered.
For example: In Pharmacology, projects like anti-cancer activity etc.. cant be done in a normal laboratory environment, as it includes cost of the cancer cell line, aseptic environment, advanced equipment. Thus the student has to consider various factors and fix before he initiates the project.

A dissertation or thesis is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.  In some countries/universities, the word "thesis" or a cognate is used as part of a bachelor's or master's course, while "dissertation" is normally applied to a doctorate, while in others, the reverse is true.
The word dissertation can at times be used to describe a treatise without relation to obtaining an academic degree. The term thesis is also used to refer to the general claim of an essay or similar work.
In M.Pharmacy, the thesis plays an important role. The thesis has to be updated parellelly while doing the research.
A rough scrap or log book has to be maintained by the student. All the tabular columns and calculations has to be updated and scrapped in the book.
Tip: Seperate folders have to be conserved by the student in the computer or lappy. For example (Introduction, literature,methods etc..) Various word documents have to be included in each of the folder. Any changes in the documents or editing can be thus easily done.

After the completion of the research or the project work, all the information, literature has to be carefully updated in the thesis. The tabular columns, graphical data has to be created the scrutinized with utmost care as the result column is the most considerable aspect in the whole thesis and crucial at the same time. The discussion and conclusion of the thesis are purely based on the results' column.
The following is the general order of the M.Pharmacy Thesis:

1. Introduction: It includes the introductory data of the respective project. Generalized information, basic information are the aspects which are included in the introduciton. The literature regarding the introduction when collected, has to be with the perfect source which will be inturn useful at the time of references.

2. Review of Literature: This includes the sources of information from which the data has been extracted. The basis on which the research has been fixed. Review of literature is also the most prioritative column in a thesis. The extent of probability of the research work is done on the basis of review of literature.( example: The previuos activities done , research papers published on the related or parellel works done). Review of literature includes journals, books, internet sources, case studies , high impact articles etc..

3. Drug Profile: Drug profile is the column which includes the information regarding the drug(herbal or synthetic) which we are working upon. Drug profile includes the complete information and pre-existing data on the drug(physical properties, chemical nature, stability, toxicity, previous activities etcc).

4. Aim and Objectives: It includes the aim of the project or the thesis and objective includes the order or the step wise manner of the procedures.

5. Method and Methodology: This is undoubtedly the most important part of the thesis. All the experimental procedures, information about the chemicals and equipment etcc..

6. Results: The results column includes tabular columns, graphical representation of data etcc.

7. Discussion: The discussion has the brief way of representing the results column, the importance of the drug and its significance, action or the significance, efficacy etc..It is thwe way of supporting the thesis work.

8. Conclusion: The conclusion is generally in considered as the end point of the project. It is represented as "in congruence with the results". It should be represented in a single parah.

9. Referencers: This includes the reference source. Ex: Dale KS, McAuley KA, Taylor RW, Williams SM, Farmer VL, Hansen P, et al. Determining optimal approaches for weight maintenance: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2009;180:E39-E46. The reference style differs in each /university and Country. Vancouver Style is the general style followed.
In the reference, the order includes [ Name of the Author, Topic name, Name of the Journal or the Book, year, volume, issue number, page number.]

The thesis thus includes the above important information. The thesis formatting and the vocabulary and wordings reflects the interest, genuineity of the student.  

Impact Factor

Impact Factor: The impact factor (IF) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to recent articles published in the journal. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field, with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those with lower ones. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information. Impact factors are calculated yearly for those journals that are indexed in the Journal Citation Reports.

Calculation of Impact Factor:
In a given year, the impact factor of a journal is the average number of citations received per paper published in that journal during the two preceding years. For example, if a journal has an impact factor of 3 in 2008, then its papers published in 2006 and 2007 received 3 citations each on average in 2008. The 2008 impact factor of a journal would be calculated as follows:

A = the number of times that articles published in 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed journals during 2008.

B = the total number of "citable items" published by that journal in 2006 and 2007. ("Citable items" are usually articles, reviews, proceedings, or notes; not editorials or letters to the editor.)

2008 impact factor = A/B.

(Note that 2008 impact factors are actually published in 2009; they cannot be calculated until all of the 2008 publications have been processed by the indexing agency.)
New journals, which are indexed from their first published issue, will receive an impact factor after two years of indexing; in this case, the citations to the year prior to Volume 1, and the number of articles published in the year prior to Volume 1 are known zero values. Journals that are indexed starting with a volume other than the first volume will not get an impact factor until they have been indexed for three years. Annuals and other irregular publications sometimes publish no items in a particular year, affecting the count. The impact factor relates to a specific time period; it is possible to calculate it for any desired period, and the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) also includes a 5-year impact factor.The JCR shows rankings of journals by impact factor, if desired by discipline, such as organic chemistry or psychiatry.
Importance in Article Publishing: Journal Impact factor is an important factor to be considered during publishing an article. The author should consider this as a major criteria. Journals are rated according to this impact factor.
The following are the Pharmacy journals with their impact factors:

22.524 PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS

17.013 TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

11.959 ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY

 9.667 REVIEWS OF PHYSIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY

 5.927 MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY

 4.695 BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

 4.367 PHARMACOGENETICS

 4.327 DRUGS

 3.818 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

 3.800 PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

 3.688 CRITICAL REVIEWS IN THERAPEUTIC DRUG CARRIER SYSTEMS

 3.496 JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

 3.323 JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS

 3.308 DRUG METABOLISM REVIEWS

 3.180 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY

 2.813 NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERGS ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY

 2.780 NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

 2.677 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

 2.634 CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS

 2.549 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

 2.500 LIFE SCIENCES

 2.490 TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY

 2.424 NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

 2.279 ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

 2.263 BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY

 2.228 JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY

 2.110 ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

 2.071 CLINICAL NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

 1.958 ANTI-CANCER DRUG DESIGN

 1.933 EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

 1.922 BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

 1.914 ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS

 1.901 ANTIVIRAL CHEMISTRY & CHEMOTHERAPY

 1.838 PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH

 1.825 JOURNAL OF AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY

 1.818 BEHAVIOURAL PHARMACOLOGY

 1.699 DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION

 1.680 JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY

 1.600 PHARMACOPSYCHIATRIA

 1.561 CHIRALITY

 1.535 DRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH

 1.526 JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE

 1.510 NEUROTOXICOLOGY

 1.507 QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS

 1.498 JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS-LLOYDIA

 1.481 CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND PHARMACOLOGY

 1.450 PHARMACOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR

 1.439 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY BULLETIN

 1.408 THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING

 1.397 TOXICON

 1.382 FUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

 1.373 ALCOHOL

 1.364 INTERNATIONAL CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

 1.344 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY

 1.310 JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

 1.308 JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

 1.286 IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY

 1.284 JOURNAL OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS

 1.274 TOXICOLOGY

 1.258 ANTI-CANCER DRUGS

 1.234 REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY

 1.195 JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS

 1.184 CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 1.170 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY

 1.149 PULMONARY PHARMACOLOGY

 1.141 PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

 1.133 XENOBIOTICA

 1.099 CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

 1.094 DRUG SAFETY

 1.080 DRUGS & AGING

 1.078 PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY

 1.050 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS

 1.044 PLANTA MEDICA

 1.038 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

 1.019 PHARMACOLOGY

This information is pretty important for authors and students in publishing articles and writing reviews.

Top twenty Pharmaceutical Companies of the World

Top 20 Pharmaceutical Companies
1 Pfizer : $44,174
2 Sanofi-Aventis : $40,562
3 GlaxoSmithKline : $37,810
4 Novartis : $35,647
5 AstraZeneca : $30,677
6 Merck : $25,901
7 Johnson & Johnson : $24,567
8 Roche : $23,624
9 Eli Lilly : $19,285
10 Bristol-Myers Squibb : $17,715
11 Wyeth : $17,391
12 Schering-Plough : $16,534
13 Abbott Laboratories : $16,013
14 Takeda : $13,841
15 Bayer Schering : $13,803
16 Boehringer Ingelheim : $13,405
17 Teva : 10,482
18 Astellas : $9,646
19 Daiichi-Sankyo : $7,900
20 Eisai : $7,612